Scientific Arena is an international peer-reviewed online scientific journal that publishes original research articles across a broad range of academic disciplines. The journal is available through its official website, www.scientificarena.com. Its ISSN is 2519-0245, and the journal serves as a multidisciplinary platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to disseminate high-quality scientific work. Scientific Arena welcomes submissions from diverse fields, promoting interdisciplinary research and international scholarly collaboration. The journal is committed to maintaining high standards of academic publishing, ensuring the quality, originality, and integrity of the articles it publishes.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional and hematological disorders affecting women, particularly during the reproductive period. Increased iron requirements associated with menstruation, pregnancy and lactation make women more vulnerable to iron deficiency. Iron deficiency may develop gradually and can affect physical performance, cognitive function, general well-being and reproductive health. In pregnancy, untreated iron deficiency anemia may be associated with maternal and neonatal complications.
iron deficiency anemia, women’s health, reproductive health, iron deficiency, menstruation, pregnancy, fertility, anemia prevention, iron supplementation.
: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the education system in the Emirate of Bukhara primarily relied on traditional schools and madrasas. During this period, schools and madrasas functioned not only as educational institutions but also as a religious, legal, and spiritual pillar of society; the general condition of schools and madrasas, their activities, and the material condition and provision of students were also highlighted.
school, madrasa, student, waqfnama, Mirzo Abduazim Sami, Abduraf Fitrat, Sadriddin Ayni, N. Khanikov.
B.AHMEDOV: THE SCHOLAR WHO FOUNDED THE UZBEK SCHOOL OF HISTORIOGRAPHY
This article analyzes the significant scholarly contributions of the prominent historian and academician Bo'riboy Ahmedov to the development of Uzbek historiography. It highlights the scholar's fundamental research on the ethnic history of the Uzbek people, source studies, Timurid studies, and the history of Bukhara and Balkh. Furthermore, it examines his role in introducing historical sources into scholarly discourse and his part in establishing the Uzbek school of historiography. The article also provides a scholarly assessment of his academic legacy, translation work, contributions to mentoring students, and his impact on the advancement of national historical science during the independence period.
Buriboy Ahmedov, Uzbek historiography, school of historiography, source studies, ethnic history, history of Bukhara, history of Balkh, Temurid studies, Amir Temur,
THE ROLE AND METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the history of philosophy, its role in societal development, and its methodological significance. It highlights philosophy's role in advancing human thought, forming logical and critical thinking skills, and systematizing the process of scientific cognition. Furthermore, the article substantiates philosophy's contribution to fostering an environment of spiritual growth, sustainable development, and innovative thinking within society.
philosophy, methodology, thought, society, development, worldview, scientific cognition, critical thinking, spiritual development, globalization, innovative approach, social reality.
THE FORMATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the philosophical essence of the worldview concept, its place in human thought and spiritual life, and its historical stages of formation. It also elucidates the role of the philosophical worldview in developing an individual's independent, critical, and analytical thinking skills, ensuring spiritual maturity, and understanding complex social processes in the context of modern globalization. The research findings indicate that a philosophical worldview serves as an essential theoretical foundation for enhancing human intellectual potential and determining sustainable paths for societal development.
worldview, philosophy, philosophical worldview, mythology, religion, thought, spirituality, spiritual maturity, globalization, social development, critical thinking.
THE POLICY OF DISENFRANCHISEMENT APPLIED BY THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT AGAINST RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the policies of discrimination, deprivation of political rights, and economic repression carried out by the Soviet authorities in the Uzbek SSR in the 1920s and 1930s against Islamic scholars and believers. Using historical documents and statistical data, the consequences of the deprivation of religious rights, excessive taxation, and administrative repression are analyzed.
Uzbek SSR, Soviet religious policy, religious figures, deprivation of political rights, repressive policy, Union of the Atheists, high taxes, economic pressure, physical repression, persecution of Islam.
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES: PHILOSOPHICAL CONTENT AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES
This article examines the philosophical analysis of the concepts of spirituality and morality, their sources of origin, their interrelationship, and their role in contemporary society. In addition, the views of Eastern and Western thinkers on this issue are comparatively analyzed.
Spirituality, morality, philosophy, value, ethical norms, ideal person.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND SOCIETY
This article analyzes the philosophical essence of the relationship between human beings and society, the role of individuals in social life, and the connection between personal development and social progress. In addition, the modern features of human and social relations in the conditions of globalization and informatization are highlighted.
Human, society, personality, spirituality, social relations, development, values, globalization, culture, philosophy.
INDEPENDENT THINKING AS A FACTOR IN ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL
This article explores the role of independent thinking in the development of students’ intellectual potential. In modern education, the ability to think critically, analyze information, and make autonomous decisions is becoming increasingly important. The study highlights the significance of fostering independent thinking skills among students and examines effective pedagogical approaches to achieve this goal. The results indicate that the development of independent thinking contributes significantly to students’ cognitive growth, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.
independent thinking, intellectual potential, students, critical thinking, education, cognitive development, creativity
This article provides a scholarly analysis of frequently used terms in ethnology such as ethnogenesis, ethnogenetic processes, ethnic history, ethnicity, ethnic group, and ethnographic group. The article also reveals the essence of scholarly-theoretical approaches to the formation of peoples — primordialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism — as well as the views put forward by theorists belonging to these schools.
Ethnogenesis, ethnic history, ethnogenetic process, ethnicity, ethnic group, ethnographic group, primordialism, constructivism
SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL-THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA'S WORLDVIEW
This article examines the distinctive features of the spiritual environment that emerged in Europe during the Renaissance and analyzes the philosophical and theological views of one of the most prominent thinkers of the period, Nicholas of Cusa. The study highlights the role of humanistic ideas, the revival of interest in classical antiquity, the criticism of scholastic thought, and the development of science in shaping the worldview of Nicholas of Cusa. Particular attention is paid to his concept of learned ignorance, his understanding of the relationship between God and the universe, and the interaction between philosophy and theology.
Renaissance, humanism, spiritual environment, Nicholas of Cusa, philosophy, theology, learned ignorance, scholasticism, anthropocentrism, metaphysics.
COMPARATIVE LINGUOCULTUROLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations of comparative linguoculturology as applied to the Russian and Uzbek languages. Drawing on the frameworks of cultural linguistics, cognitive semantics, and contrastive analysis, the study examines how language reflects national world-views, cultural values, and socio-historical experience. Special attention is given to national-cultural connotations in lexis, phraseology, and precedent texts. The article identifies systematic correspondences and divergences between Russian and Uzbek linguocultural spaces, including differences in conceptual organisation, culturally specific vocabulary, and the verbal representation of universal categories such as time, family, honour, and hospitality. The findings contribute to the development of a comparative linguocultural methodology and have practical implications for bilingual education, intercultural communication, and translation studies in the Uzbekistan context.
linguoculturology, comparative linguistics, Russian language, Uzbek language, linguocultural analysis, national world-view, cultural concept, bilingualism, phraseology, intercultural communication.
Comparative Linguoculturology of the Russian and Uzbek Languages: Representation of National-Cultural Concepts in a Bilingual Context
This article examines the theoretical foundations of comparative linguoculturology as applied to the study of national-cultural concepts in Russian-Uzbek bilingualism. Drawing on the conceptual frameworks of cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, and cultural semantics, the paper analyses the mechanisms by which language encodes and transmits culturally specific meanings across two typologically and genetically distinct languages. Special attention is paid to the notion of the kulturogenderema — an original theoretical construct proposed by the author — as a unit of linguocultural analysis that integrates gender, cultural, and linguistic dimensions. The article argues that bilingual communicative space constitutes a productive environment for the mutual adaptation, transformation, and occasionally the convergence of conceptual structures. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on linguistic relativity, cross-cultural communication, and the epistemological status of national-cultural concepts in a multilingual world.
comparative linguoculturology, national-cultural concept, Russian-Uzbek bilingualism, kulturogenderema, conceptual structure, cognitive semantics, linguistic relativity.
ON THE STATUS OF COMPOSITE SENTENCE COMPONENTS
The article analyzes the structural-semantic classification of complex sentences in comparison with the concepts of Russian linguists. Based on the comparison conducted, it is concluded that this classification is effective for the syntactic section of Russian grammar. Structural-semantic classification, rational application in modern syntactic theories.
Complex sentence, complex sentence syntax, predicative unit, component, dispute, hypothyroidism
SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of human capital development through the education system. The role of human capital in economic growth and social development is analyzed, while the significance of modern educational technologies is revealed. Based on the research findings, scientific conclusions are developed regarding the improvement of the education system, acceleration of digital transformation, and enhancement of personnel potential.
human capital, education system, social development, economic growth, digital education, innovation, competence, knowledge economy.
TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND TOLERANCE: THE PROBLEM OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
This article philosophically examines the influence of transcultural communication and tolerance on the process of national identity formation in the context of globalization. The study analyzes issues related to intercultural communication, tolerance, national identity, and the transformation of spiritual values. In addition, the positive and negative aspects of globalization, the impact of mass culture on national values, and the role of intercultural dialogue in social stability are explored. The research findings demonstrate that transcultural communication and tolerance are important factors in promoting global integration while preserving national identity.
transcultural communication, tolerance, globalization, national identity, intercultural communication, spiritual values, national consciousness, cultural transformation.
HISTORY OF THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN THE KHOREZM PEOPLE’S SOVIET REPUBLIC DURING THE YEARS OF SOVIET AUTHORITY
This article examines the history of the formation and development of the communication system in the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic in 1920–1924. After the abolition of the Khiva Khanate, the new Soviet administrative system required the reorganization of postal, telegraph, telephone and radio communication networks. The article analyzes the activity of the postal and telegraph department, its connection with the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs and other administrative institutions, as well as the functioning of communication points in Khiva, New Urgench, Tashhovuz, Khanka and Dargan-Ata. Special attention is paid to the role of communication in public administration, security, economic relations and social life.
Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, communication system, post, telegraph, telephone, radio communication, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, Khiva, Tashhovuz, New Urgench.
MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL MANIPULATION OF MODERN PEOPLE
Modern man lives in a whirlpool of continuous mental manipulation. This is because uncontrolled advertising, along with the ever-increasing flow of modern information, expands the possibilities of manipulation by disrupting the world order. Religious extremist threats, beautifully disguised, unscientific advertising in the field of education and medicine, psychological mental manipulations are becoming attributes of modern life. The article attempts to provide a critical assessment of the manifestations of this socio-spiritual and cultural crisis.
interests, civilization, advertising, manipulation, extremist, psychological, sadomachism, media, television, cinema, disharmony, disorientation, brainwashing.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ENGINEERING THINKING AND ACTIVITY
This article examines the historical formation of engineering thinking and activity, as well as considerations regarding its study as a science. Attention is paid to the necessity of combining comprehensive technical and theoretical knowledge in the training of a future engineer. At the same time, it is emphasized that the humanization of technical education is not exempt from relying on teachings that must be formed in an engineer, such as ethics and aesthetics.
engineering, freedom of activity, ethics, aesthetic education, humanities, worldview, technical education, objective, methodology, genetic engineering
THE ACTIVITY OF THE “TARAKKIYPARVAR” ORGANIZATION IN ANDIJAN IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY: AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS
In this article, the socio-political landscape of the Fergana Valley, specifically the Andijan Uyezd, during the years 1916–1917 is comprehensively analyzed based on historical archival documents (Fond 461). The research focuses on the activities, organizational structure, and methods of struggle utilized by the underground political entity designated as "Tarakkiyparvar" by the colonial administration. Beyond the dry factology of archival materials, the article reveals the underlying human experiences, the fates of individual figures, and the spiritual portraits of these representatives of the national liberation movement. Furthermore, the historical continuity between this past experience, the current state policy of New Uzbekistan, and the foundations of the Third Renaissance is scientifically substantiated.
Turkestan, Andijan, archive, Tarakkiyparvar, Ubaydulla Khodjayev, year 1916, colonial policy, national awakening, Jadidism, rule of law, human factor, New Uzbekistan.
AESTHETIC PERCEPTION IN THE POSTMODERN WORLD: THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIRTUAL REALITY AND VISUAL CULTURE
This article analyzes the transformation of the aesthetic perception in the context of postmodern society philosophically, the format of visual culture, and the influence of the philosophy of virtual reality on human thinking. The study reveals the contemporary aesthetic of the new form of thinking based on the concepts of postmodernism, theo simulacra, media philosophy, and digital aesthetics. In addition, the impact of youth on the platform and virtual communications visual consciousness, aesthetic taste and cultural identity is examined.
postmodernism, aesthetic perception, visual culture, virtual reality, media philosophy, hyperreality, simulacrum, digital aesthetics.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE SETTLEMENT PROCESS OF NOMADIC ETHNIC COMMUNITIES OF THE FERGANA VALLEY (END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES)
This article analyzes the sedentarization process of pastoralist ethnic communities in the Fergana Valley during the late 19th and early 20th centuries from a historical and ethnographic perspective. The article examines the process by which semi-nomadic tribes — such as the Kipchaks, Turks, Yuz, and Kyrgyz — merged with the sedentary population of the valley under the influence of Tsarist Russia’s colonial policy and economic and natural factors. Drawing on source studies, archival materials, and ethnographic evidence, the article reveals the stages, forms, and ethnic consequences of sedentarization.
Fergana Valley, pastoralist communities, sedentarization, ethnic processes, Kipchaks, colonialism, 19th–20th centuries, semi-nomadism, economic and cultural traditions.
Shamshidinov Bakhriddin Sharobiddin o‘g‘li
This article explores the main ideas of postmodern philosophy and its impact on contemporary intellectual discourse. Postmodernism is analyzed as a philosophical movement that challenges classical notions of truth, reason, and universal meaning. The study highlights key concepts such as relativism, deconstruction, fragmentation of identity, and the rejection of grand narratives. It also examines how postmodern thought reshapes the understanding of knowledge, language, and reality in modern society. The findings suggest that postmodern philosophy does not provide fixed answers but instead emphasizes plurality, uncertainty, and interpretative openness.
postmodernism, philosophy, relativism, deconstruction, identity, knowledge, truth, language, modern society, discourse.
MODERN TRENDS IN PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT
The rapid evolution of global health landscapes, compounded by emerging epidemiological threats, technological disruptions, and shifting demographic profiles, has necessitated a paradigm shift in public health management. Traditional administrative frameworks are increasingly inadequate for addressing complex, systemic health crises, prompting organizations to adopt agile, data-driven, and multidisciplinary approaches. This paper examines contemporary trends in public health management, focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence in predictive epidemiology, the expansion of digital health infrastructure, the prioritization of health equity, and the transition toward value-based care models. By synthesizing current empirical literature and administrative frameworks, this study investigates how modern healthcare systems leverage technological innovation and strategic resource allocation to enhance population health outcomes. The findings indicate that while digital transformation and predictive analytics significantly improve response efficiencies, successful public health management depends critically on addressing systemic health disparities, strengthening community engagement, and fostering cross-sectoral collaboration. The study underscores the necessity of adaptive leadership and resilient operational strategies in navigating twenty-first-century global health challenges.
Public health management, digital health, predictive epidemiology, health equity, health systems resilience, artificial intelligence in healthcare, value-based care.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING THROUGH TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED LEARNING
The rapid proliferation of digital tools, artificial intelligence, and mobile applications has fundamentally transformed modern pedagogical landscapes, making Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) a cornerstone of contemporary English Language Teaching (ELT). Traditional teacher-centered classrooms are increasingly giving way to dynamic, interactive, and learner-centric environments where digital platforms facilitate personalized language acquisition, remote collaboration, and immersive cultural exposure. This paper examines the integration of technology-enhanced learning within ELT, evaluating the efficacy of intelligent tutoring systems, virtual reality environments, mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), and asynchronous online platforms. By synthesizing empirical data and pedagogical frameworks, this study investigates how digital tools enhance vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, oral fluency, and writing proficiency. The findings indicate that while TEL significantly boosts learner motivation, autonomy, and engagement, effective implementation depends heavily on educators' digital literacy, institutional infrastructure, and the pedagogical alignment of tools with specific linguistic learning objectives. The study underscores the necessity of balanced, blended learning models that harmonize digital innovation with human-led instructional guidance.
English Language Teaching (ELT), technology-enhanced learning (TEL), mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), artificial intelligence in education, digital literacy, learner autonomy, second language acquisition.
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND GREEN ECONOMY IN SOUTH ASIA
The rapid economic expansion and surging energy demands of South Asian nations have intensified their reliance on fossil fuels, exacerbating environmental degradation, urban air pollution, and severe carbon emission trajectories. Transitioning toward renewable energy resources represents an indispensable pathway for fostering a sustainable green economy across the region. This paper examines the current landscape of renewable energy adoption—focusing on solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass potential—within key South Asian economies. By evaluating empirical energy matrices, infrastructural investments, and policy frameworks, this study investigates how structural barriers, including financial constraints, inadequate grid integration, and regulatory friction, impede clean energy transitions. The findings indicate that while abundant natural renewable endowments exist, realizing a green economy requires coordinated regional cooperation, targeted green financing, and modernized grid infrastructures. The study underscores that accelerating renewable energy integration is vital to achieving long-term energy security, climate resilience, and sustainable economic growth in South Asia.
Renewable energy, green economy, South Asia, sustainable development, solar power, energy transition, climate resilience, green financing.
MENTAL HEALTH AWARENESS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
The transition to higher education represents a critical developmental milestone characterized by significant academic pressure, financial independence challenges, and shifting social dynamics, often rendering university students particularly vulnerable to psychological distress. While mental health awareness has expanded globally, notable disparities persist across different demographic cohorts, academic disciplines, and institutional environments. This paper examines mental health awareness, stigmatization levels, and psychological help-seeking behaviors among university students through a comparative analytical framework. By evaluating empirical data gathered from diverse student populations, this study investigates how factors such as gender, academic year, and socioeconomic background influence psychological literacy and the utilization of campus mental health resources. The findings indicate that while general awareness regarding common psychological conditions has improved, deep-seated cultural stigmas and institutional barriers continue to hinder effective help-seeking behaviors. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted, culturally sensitive mental health interventions and enhanced support systems within higher education institutions to foster psychological well-being.
Mental health awareness, university students, comparative study, psychological distress, social stigma, help-seeking behaviors, higher education, psychological literacy.
CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The rapid acceleration of digital transformation, e-governance, and mobile financial services in developing nations has significantly expanded national technological footprints, yet it has simultaneously exposed critical vulnerabilities within emerging digital economies. Unlike developed nations equipped with robust cyber defense infrastructures, developing countries frequently struggle with systemic hurdles, including legacy technological frameworks, severe shortages of skilled cybersecurity professionals, inadequate regulatory enforcement, and limited budgetary allocations for national security. This paper examines the multifaceted cybersecurity challenges confronting developing nations, evaluating how structural deficits in institutional governance and critical infrastructure protection exacerbate risks related to cyber espionage, ransomware attacks, and data breaches. By analyzing current threat vectors, policy gaps, and capacity-building barriers, this study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive national cybersecurity strategies. The findings emphasize that fostering international cooperation, strengthening public-private partnerships, and investing in localized technical education are vital prerequisites for securing resilient digital ecosystems in the developing world.
Cybersecurity challenges, developing countries, digital transformation, critical infrastructure, cyber threats, institutional governance, capacity building, digital resilience.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MARKETING IN SMALL BUSINESS GROWTH
Digital marketing has fundamentally transformed how micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) operate, compete, and scale in modern competitive markets. Traditional marketing channels often present prohibitive costs and limited geographic reach, whereas digital strategies—such as search engine optimization, social media marketing, content creation, and targeted email campaigns—offer cost-effective pathways to connect directly with niche consumer bases. This paper examines the critical role of digital marketing as a catalyst for small business growth, evaluating how online visibility, customer engagement analytics, and e-commerce integration drive revenue generation and brand loyalty. By analyzing adoption barriers, resource constraints, and strategic implementation frameworks, this study highlights how small enterprises leverage digital tools to overcome operational limitations. The findings indicate that strategic digital adoption significantly enhances market competitiveness, accelerates customer acquisition, and secures sustainable long-term economic viability for small businesses.
Digital marketing, small business growth, MSMEs, social media marketing, customer acquisition, e-commerce integration, brand visibility, market competitiveness.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN
Climate change poses severe threats to global environmental stability, with South Asia emerging as one of the most vulnerable regions to extreme weather anomalies, glacial retreat, and hydrological volatility. In Pakistan, the convergence of rapid population growth, heavy reliance on the Indus Basin Irrigation System, and accelerated melting of Hindu Kush-Himalayan glaciers has intensified water scarcity and flood risks. This paper examines the complex intersection of climate change and sustainable water resource management in Pakistan, evaluating structural vulnerabilities in agricultural water use, transboundary basin management, and municipal supply chains. By analyzing current hydro-climatic trends, policy frameworks, and conservation challenges, this study highlights the urgent need for integrated water resource management (IWRM). The findings emphasize that adopting climate-resilient infrastructure, modernizing irrigation efficiency, and strengthening institutional governance are vital strategies to secure long-term water security and sustainable socio-economic development in Pakistan.
Climate change, sustainable water management, Pakistan, Indus Basin, water scarcity, hydro-climatic vulnerability, agricultural irrigation, water security.